By the time the imperial examination system was mature in the Song Dynasty, politics had completely become the result of the game between the emperor and the bureaucracy.
During Song Shenzong’s period, the minister who wanted to reform said, "Is it more inconvenient for the people to create a more legal system for the literati?" Wen Yanbo, a famous minister, replied, "Scholar-bureaucrats rule the sky, not the people rule it." Civil servants can say in front of the emperor that the emperor is a scholar-bureaucrat ruling the sky together, which represents the formation of political balance in the imperial bureaucracy.
However, in the Tang Dynasty, the scholar-officials had just formed, and in the Song Dynasty, the rise of the scholar-officials overwhelmed the emperor, forming a certain balance. In the generation of Zhu Yuanzhang, he did not want to see the weakness of the monarch in the Song Dynasty, and abolished the prime minister system for more than 2,000 years. As a result, the phenomenon of emperor specialization did not form, but the balance between the civil servants and the emperor was broken, and the struggle between the imperial bureaucracy was particularly fierce. This phenomenon was reflected in the endless party struggles.
In the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty came in from the outside by killing, which completely tore up the sense of honor of the literati and lost their integrity. From then on, the literati became slaves to the emperor. In the political context of the Qing Dynasty, the language of "the emperor ruled arbitrarily" actually smelled of praise, but in the Song Dynasty, it represented that the emperor was stupid and could not listen to the advice.
I have to say that although the literati and officialdom in the Qing Dynasty developed into slaves, they laid the imperial principle. In fact, the politics in the Qing Dynasty was more stable than that in the past, and it did not reach the level where the monarch and the phase could struggle.
Although the big political system was newly built and softened the modern management system, there is no doubt that the political culture was inherited from the Qing Dynasty. Theoretically, it is impossible for the monarch to compete, but Zhu Jinglun’s bold initiative led to the restoration of the independent consciousness of the civil service corps, which gradually prompted them to reject the emperor’s attitude and form their own ideas in politics
From the general direction, this is a kind of progress, which is a combination of monarch and civilian, but the problem is that Zhu Jinglun can be a bureaucrat, but he may not be strong.
From the enslaved scholar-officials, the civil servants have a feminine bone but a sense of independence in the Song Dynasty, which has caused another political imbalance.
This forced Zhu Jinglun to direct the coup.
The coup resulted in Chen Zhiting’s resignation.
The successor returned to China in September
It is Hurd who has been traveling in Europe for half a year.
Hurd was flattered, but he had planned or plotted for a long time
The international shock that a foreigner became the prime minister of another country has rarely happened in European politics since frederick the great. Prussia frederick the great boasted that a large number of French people, especially in the financial field, were almost controlled by the French.
Later, with the formation of the concept of nation-state, especially after the Napoleonic Wars, European politics completely bid farewell to the political era of Keqing.
Now the big eastern country has killed an Englishman, which immediately caused a sensation in the whole western society
Although Hurd boasted himself when he visited Europe and introduced himself to westerners, Europeans were surprised that he was equivalent to the prime minister, but that’s all. They understood that the prime minister was still in charge of government affairs, and Chen Zhiting even made the translator be the prime minister in English.
Now that Hurd has become Shang Ling, this is a real prime minister, and Europeans can’t help but be shocked
However, on the whole, westerners hold a positive attitude, mainly because of their superior mentality, which makes them feel psychological satisfaction in choosing a white prime minister from China, as if it proves that westerners are indeed superior.
But did Zhu Jinglun choose Hurd to flatter westerners?
Obviously, there are deeper reasons for not choosing Hurd.
First of all, Hurd is suspected to be an ambitious man, and his civilian status in Europe, a region with a strong aristocratic political legacy, can not make him politically influenced by aristocratic culture. The biggest purpose of Hurd’s development in the East is to restore his ancestral aristocratic status
There is no doubt about Hurd’s ability. The prime minister’s power to inspire people’s hearts will surely make him burst into extraordinary power.
But it is impossible for Zhu Jinglun to give him such an important position because he is a foreigner.
The second reason for choosing Hurd is to change the current political form of monarch and weak bureaucracy. It is most appropriate for Hurd to clean up the old bureaucrats in the government and make the big government staff professional and professional completely, because Hurd can’t have a complex human network in the final analysis, even if he marries an China scholar-bureaucrat, he can’t completely become a China because he has a white skin.
Without too many political obstacles, Hurd will be more undisturbed in reorganizing government institutions, and at the same time, he will carry out political innovation. Once there is an imbalance, it will be easier to finish. As a foreigner, he has no complicated political background and can rely on the emperor. His situation is similar to that in the dynasty, when the eunuch stopped supporting the emperor, even a strong eunuch like Wei Zhongxian would fall in an instant. Hurd was not too big to lose his tail because he abandoned him. It is also similar to that in the pre-Qin period and the Warring States period, when the Qin State was a model of Ke Qing, the ancestors of Qin Dynasty abandoned Ke Qing completely,
However, if it is because Hurd can abandon them at any time without hidden dangers, Zhu Jinglun is bold, and he is not the most important factor. Because of this, he takes them and throws them away once. In fact, the alternative answer is mostly to find a few bureaucrats with no background and treat them as puppets. Zhu Jinglun still has this ability.
Sohurd has a third reason, because he is a foreigner, and the most important thing is that he is an Englishman.
Britain is a modern country with extremely mature politics. It has its own political principles. It is impossible to treat an Englishman differently just because he has become a prime minister.
However, politics is a sensitive field, and it is cheating in all countries. In international politics, there is no integrity at all, and only profit is the goal.
So now that an Englishman has become prime minister, Britain may not give a lot of extra benefits, but what will other western countries think? They saw an Englishman in front of the Prime Minister, and it was difficult to convince them that he was completely innocent unless he fought against Britain.
The French will certainly be wary of Britain. Even if Britain is sincere in mediating in France, the French will naturally be biased towards Britain.
The great significance of Sohurd, an Englishman, as prime minister lies in that international politics will cross a gap of mutual distrust between France and Britain.
Zhu Jinglun thought it was very cost-effective to have such benefits before facing the inevitable French war.
The biggest difficulty is that if Hurd, a foreigner, becomes a prime minister, it will not cause a boycott of the big civil servants. It is difficult for westerners to accept foreigners as senior officials in China. In fact, it is even more difficult for China people to end the political era of the guest secretary much earlier than the west.
Hurd won an advantage in international diplomacy in order to win the French war, so he could not unbalance most of his strength during the French war, or he would lose more than he gained.
Zhu Jinglun, who was appointed after Hurd, had a long talk with Hurd that night, and made some suggestions for his ruling. Or it can be understood that Chen Zhiting, who is weak in imperial life, can fight against the imperial power but never dare to disobey Hurd. It is not that he is smoother than Chen Zhiting, but that his position is far from stable. He needs the support of the emperor to be in power.
Section six hundred and seventeen Set up a wartime cabinet
Zhu Jinglun explained his worries to Hurd in detail? ? Fire ran Wen? ? ? ? ． r? ? ? ? e? `
Hurd said that he would definitely consider these unfavorable factors, especially his status as a foreigner.
But the opposition was raised.
The first dissatisfaction is that they were dissatisfied with the emperor because of anti-war. The Ministry of War Shang Luoyan resigned after Chen Zhiting.
Zhu Jinglun sighed. How many years have passed, and these civil servants still express their dissatisfaction in this way. It seems that there is no other way but to be irresponsible.
If politicians in the Spring and Autumn Period, such as Meng Changjun, were dissatisfied with the monarch of the country, he would even encourage the enemy to attack the country. However, the great civil servants had a way to resign, which on the other hand was the sequela of the enslavement of the literati in the Qing Dynasty.
Because the slave country with the emperor is the emperor’s not the scholar-bureaucrat’s, it is the emperor’s business to spoil what he wants. At most, he turns a blind eye instead of having a strong enthusiasm for participation, and various extreme means are used to reverse the monarch’s attitude
Seeing this situation, Zhu Jinglun sighed and worried less, which means that Hurd’s resistance in the process of organizing a new government will not be too great. One of the big reasons why Zhu Jinglun was able to divide Guangdong easily in those days was that most of them were dissatisfied with his civilian officials hanging seals instead of lurking in the dark to fight, which made him relaxed and killed a large number of new officials. Although those new officials were not experienced enough, many people called them unqualified, but one thing was that these people were loyal and made Zhu Jinglun easily control the political situation in Guangdong.
It would be easier for Hurd to be in power if bureaucrats like Luo Yan expressed their dissatisfaction by resigning rather than staying to restrain Hurd.
After the resignation of Shang Luoyan, the Ministry of War, Hurd invited Mei Qi, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, to play with Zhu Jinglun, the Ministry of War.